"In All Circumstances": Home Births and Collaborative Health Care in Ireland, 1900-1950.

This article examines the development of a collaborative model of home-based reproductive caregiving in Ireland from 1900 to 1950, focusing on the interactions of different practitioners in childbirth cases in the domestic sphere. In Ireland the move to obstetrics and trained nursing and midwifery was gradual, complicated by the needs and wants of ordinary women, who were reluctant to give up their trusted care givers and who actively sought to maintain long-standing domestic health care traditions. The result was a hybrid and collaborative model of domestic reproductive health care, requiring the attention of different practitioners, placing them in the same space, and necessitating that they work together. This dynamic and evolving system provided most pregnant, laboring, and postparturient women with essential reproductive care, but it would be overtaken by hospital-based reproductive medicine by around 1950, remaining only in folklore and memory by the late twentieth century.

[ON PHYSICIAN -ASSISTANT AND OTHER ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS].

INTRODUCTION: During the late 19th century and the 20th century, many allied health and technical professions, joined physicians and nurses in their formal medical and surgical comprehensive work. The professionalization process of the various medical and surgical fields demanded true incorporation of allied health professions into the medical infrastructure. Non-academic professions such as the "feldsher ", barber-surgeon, bone-setters and the midwife, transferred into realms of the academic medical and the health professions fields.

The Italian gynecology at the beginnings of the twentieth century: analysis of medical records from the Institute directed by Luigi Mangiagalli.

The history of the modern Italian gynecology is closely related to the figure of an enlightened clinician and passionate master, Luigi Mangiagalli (1850-1928), who, with good reason, can be considered one of the fathers of this discipline. In 1906, Mangiagalli founded the Obstetric-Gynecological Institute in Milan, directing this structure until 1925. The aim of this paper is to describe some aspects of Italian gynecology at the beginnings of the twentieth century through the analysis of 250 original medical records, dating back to the years 1906-1912, fragments of real life of women, midwives and doctors in a pioneering era of obstetrics and gynecology.

Homenaje filatélico y documental a la matrona Teresa Rodríguez Braza (1928-2017) / Philatelic and documentary tribute to the midwife Teresa Rodríguez Braza (1928-2017)

Teresa Rodríguez Braza nació en Sanlúcar de Barrameda en 1928. Realizó el Bachillerato en Cádiz (1945-1948). A principio de los años cincuenta obtuvo los títulos de Practicante y Matrona en la Facultad de Medicina de Cádiz, influida por sus tías Teresa, Luisa y María, que también ejercieron esta profesión. Realizaba la asistencia a los partos en las casas, con escasos recursos, circunstancias que eran superadas por su vocación y su profesionalidad, en una época en que la pobreza estaba muy presente [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

Parir en palacio: Obstetricia de las reinas españolas / Giving birth in the palace: Obstetrics of Spanish queens

El parto siempre ha sido un hecho muy importante en la vida de la mujer por el riesgo y repercusión social que entraña, pero si la parturienta es una reina, la trascendencia es enorme. Las soberanas, pese al riesgo que corrían tanto ellas como el vástago, tenían que parir hijos y cuantos más mejor. En este trance siempre han contado con la ayuda de matronas y comadres, aplicando para ello los conocimientos obstétricos clásicos [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

La «qabila»: historia de la matrona olvidada de al-Andalus (siglos VIII-XV) / The qabila: history of the forgotten Andalusian midwife (VIII-XV Centuries)

La qabila fue la matrona hispano-árabe andalusí (s. VIII-XV). El objetivo de esta revisión histórica es dar a conocer parte del saber obstétrico ilustrado de la época en el que la matrona fundamentó su quehacer profesional.Por su condición de mujer no escribió libros, transmitiendo sus conocimientos oralmente. Asistió partos eutócicos y distócicos. Durante la dilatación aconsejaba la deambulación, no practicaba amniorrexis ni episiotomías y atendía el expulsivo en posición vertical. En el alumbramiento utilizaba maniobras suaves, y en las retenciones placentarias realizaba extracciones manuales. Hizo uso de la alimentación, las plantas medicinales y los fármacos. En los cuidados del recién nacido no incluía el con- tacto precoz ni la toma de calostro. Parte de su legado ha sobrevivido hasta nuestros días. (AU)

The qabila was the Hispano-Arabic midwife in Andalusia from the 8th through to the 15th century. The aim of this review is to detail the enlightened obstetric knowledge existing in that era, upon which the duties and procedures undertaken by the midwife were based.Women then could not write books, so the midwife would pass on her knowledge in the spoken tradition. She took part in both eutocic and dystocic births. At the cervical dilation stage, the midwife would encourage walking, she did not practice amniorrhexis or episiotomy, and labour was undergone in the standing position. During delivery, gentle manoeuvres were recommended and placenta retention was extracted manually. Specialized diet, medicinal plants and pharmaceutical compounds all played their part in preparing the mother, while post-natally, the midwife allowed neither early contact nor the consumption of colostrum. Much of her legacy has survived to this day. (AU)

Las funciones de la matrona en el mundo antiguo y medieval. Una mirada desde la Historia / Midwife's functions in ancient and medieval times: a view from History

Las profesiones experimentan transformaciones constantes a lo largo de los siglos, resultado de la evolución de la sociedad misma y de la actitud de sus profesionales. La profesión de matrona participa plenamente de estas afirmaciones, de ahí que la investigación y difusión de su historia nos permita comprender muchas de las circunstancias que han coadyuvado a conformar la profesión como hoy la conocemos y a tomar conciencia de que el destino de ella depende no sólo de las circunstancias externas a la profesión, sino muy especialmente del coraje y empuje de las propias matronas. En este artículo se señalan las funciones fundamentales que han sido una constante en el trabajo de la matrona hasta el siglo XV. Sirvan estas páginas que siguen para contribuir a difundir una de las más bellas historias jamás contada: la profesión de matrona. (AU)

Professions change constantly over the centuries as a result of the evolution of society itself and the attitude of its professionals, and midwifery fully confirms these assertions. Thus, the study and recounting of its history enables us to understand many of the circumstances that have come together to shape the profession as we know it today and to realize that its future depends not only on external circumstances, but particularly on the courage and determination of the midwives themselves. This article points out the major functions that have constituted the work of the midwife since the 15th century. The authors hope that the following pages help to make known one of the loveliest stories every told: that of midwifery. (AU)

El bautismo de urgencia, función tradicional de las matronas / Emergency baptism, a traditional duty of the midwives

Tenemos constancia de que desde hace siglos las parteras han administrado el bautismo de urgencia a aquellos recién nacidos con pocas probabilidades de supervivencia. Actualmente esta función es desconocida para muchas matronas. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el papel que ha presentado la matrona a lo largo de la historia como administradora del bautismo.Metodología: Investigación histórica, a partir de fuentes documentales del Archivo de la Diócesis de Sigüenza-Guadalajara. Se ha procedido también a una revisión bibliográfica de textos nacionales e internacionales.Conclusiones: Se constata la función importante de la matrona en la administración del bautismo de emergencia. La correcta administración del bautismo por parte de la matrona era considerada una competencia profesional y formaba parte de la enseñanza reglada de las matronas. (AU)

We have certainty that for centuries the midwives have been in charge of the emergency baptism to those newborn with few survival probabilities. At the moment this function is unknown by many midwives. The objective of this study is to know the role which has been played by the midwife through history as the baptism manager.Methodology: Historic Investigation, from documentary sources of the archives of the Diocese of Sigüenza- Guadalajara. We also have procee- ded to a bibliographic review of national and international texts.Conclusions: The important midwife function has been stated in the baptism management in case of emergency. The correct management of the baptism on behalf of the midwife was considered a professional ability and it formed part of the ruled teaching they had. (AU)

La matrona y el Seguro de Maternidad durante la Segunda República (1931-1936) / The midwives and the Maternity Insurance during the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1936)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el importante papel que la matrona tuvo en la puesta en marcha y evolución posterior del Seguro de Maternidad durante la Segunda República y que ha sido ignorado por otros estudios.Metodología: Investigación histórica que emplea como fuentes primarias toda la documentación producida por el Instituto Nacional de Previsión, así como la obtenida en diferentes archivos nacionales.Resultados: El Seguro de Maternidad confirió gran protagonismo a la matrona en el seguimiento del embarazo y la atención al parto y al posparto de las mujeres trabajadoras. Al menos 2.223 matronas colaboraron con el Seguro durante los 9 primeros trimestres de funcionamiento de éste.Conclusiones: El Seguro de Maternidad no se limitó a la mejora de la salud materna mediante el control del embarazo y la asistencia profesional al parto y al posparto, sino que también se ocupó de las enfermedades del bebé durante los 6 primeros meses de vida. Su puesta en marcha supuso una importante fuente de oportunidades de trabajo y de ingresos para las matronas durante la Segunda República. También influyó en la progresiva institucionalización del parto que tuvo lugar durante el siglo xx. Esta integración en estructuras hospitalarias, fuertemente jerarquizadas, contribuyó a la progresiva subordinación de la matrona a la figura del médico en la atención al parto normal. (AU)

The aim of this report is to examine the important role played by midwives in the beginning and subsequent evolution of Maternity Insurance during the Spanish Second Republic that has been forgotten by other studies.Methodology: Historical research which uses primary sources such as all of the documentation produced by the Instituto Nacional de Previsión and other files obtained from various national archives.Results: Maternity Insurance granted a prominent role to midwives in prenatal care, delivery care and postnatal care of women workers. It’s estimated that at least 2,223 midwives collaborated with the Insurance program during the first 9 trimesters of its functioning.Conclusions: Maternity Insurance wasn’t limited to the improvement of the mothers’ health by monitoring them throughout pregnancy and by providing professional attendance at birth and postpartum care, but it also provided newborn care for the infants’ first 6 months of life. The beginning of the program opened up an important source of work opportunities and an increase of wages for midwives during the Second Republic. It also influenced in the progressive institutionalization of childbirth during the 20th century. The integration in the hospital structure, which was strongly hierarchic, contributed to the progressive sub- ordination of the midwife under the doctor during normal birth. (AU)

Reglamento Municipal de Beneficencia y Sanidad, Elche 1928 / Regulamento Municipal de Caridade e Saúde, Elche 1928 / Municipal Regulation of Charity and Health, Elche 1928

The health policy of Primo de Rivera elaborated a regulatory legal body to protect the needyclasses that attended to their needs; the increase in health activity led to the creation of a large number ofcare institutions as well as professional health professionals involved in its development. Objectives: theresearch aims to analyze the practical application of the municipal Health and Welfare Regulations of thecity of 1928 and, on the other hand, its impact on the social life of the underprivileged class. Method: ahistorical research based on the literature review was carried out. Documentary sources: documentarycatalogs of libraries and documentary archives, electronic databases, catalogs of magazines specializingin history and other online sources. Descriptors used: midwife, practitioner, doctor, pharmacist, census ofthe poor. Results: documents from studies based on primary sources were included in the analysis and theresults are presented in 4 sections: The Municipal Regulation of 1928, Pharmacists and medicines forpoor patients, Doctors and practitioners and Midwives, midwives and childbirth teachers. Conclusion: theRegulation is applied long before its publication and health care is constantly exercised by all theprofessionals that comprise it; the number of practitioners is equal to that of doctors in this period; theCity Council is responsible for paying pharmaceuticals for poor patients to pharmacists and is distributedby quarters; With regard to doctors, and since 1924, sufficient places have been created for the demand ofthe poor, which will increase, as well as possible substitutes; the creation of the dental clinic for the poorin the Santo Hospital in 1930 is included; in 1928 and 1929 there are 4 matrons for the four districts ofthe city, following the legislation; In 1930 the municipal midwives received an annual salary increasefrom 720 to 900 pesetas from the town council. (AU)

La política sanitaria de Primo de Rivera elaboró un cuerpo legal reglamentario para proteger a lasclases menesterosas que atendía sus necesidades; el aumento de la actividad sanitaria supuso la creaciónde un gran número de instituciones asistenciales así como de sanitarios profesionales implicados en sudesarrollo. Objetivos: la investigación tiene por objetivos analizar la aplicación práctica del Reglamentomunicipal de Sanidad y Beneficencia de la ciudad de 1928 y, por otra parte, su repercusión en la vidasocial de la clase menesterosa. Método: se llevó a cabo una investigación histórica basada en la revisiónbibliográfica. Fuentes documentales: catálogos documentales de bibliotecas y archivos documentales,bases de datos electrónicas, catálogos de revistas especializadas en historia y otras fuentes de red.Descriptores utilizados: matrona, practicante, médico, farmacéutico, padrón de pobres. Resultados: en elanálisis se incluyeron documentos procedentes de estudios basados en fuentes primarias y los resultadosse presentan en 4 apartados: El Reglamento municipal de 1928, Farmacéuticos y medicamentos paraenfermos pobres, Médicos y practicantes y Matronas, comadronas y profesoras de partos. Conclusión: elReglamento se aplica mucho antes de su publicación y la asistencia sanitaria es ejercida de maneraconstante por todos los profesionales que la integran; el número de practicantes se equipara al de médicosen este período; el Ayuntamiento se hace cargo del pago de medicamentos para enfermos pobres a losfarmacéuticos y se reparte por trimestres; respecto a los médicos, y desde 1924, se van creando plazassuficientes para la demanda del padrón de pobres, que irá en aumento, así como posibles suplentes; seincluye la creación del gabinete odontológico para pobres en el Santo Hospital en 1930; en 1928 y 1929hay 4 matronas para los cuatro distritos de la ciudad, siguiendo la legislación; en 1930 las matronasmunicipales reciben un aumento. (AU)

A política de saúde de Primo de Rivera elaborou um órgão legal regulador para proteger asclasses carentes que atendiam às suas necessidades; O aumento da atividade de saúde levou à criação deum grande número de instituições assistenciais, bem como de profissionais de saúde envolvidos no seudesenvolvimento. Objetivos: a pesquisa visa analisar a aplicação prática do Regulamento Municipal deSaúde e Previdência da cidade de 1928 e, por outro lado, seu impacto na vida social da classe menosfavorecida. Método: foi realizada uma pesquisa histórica com base na revisão de literatura. Fontesdocumentais: catálogos documentais de bibliotecas e arquivos documentais, bases de dados eletrônicas,catálogos de revistas especializadas em história e outras fontes online. Descritores utilizados: parteira,praticante, médico, farmacêutico, censo dos pobres. Resultados: foram incluídos na análise documentosde estudos baseados em fontes primárias e os resultados são apresentados em 4 seções: O RegulamentoMunicipal de 1928, Farmacêuticos e medicamentos para doentes pobres, Médicos e praticantes eParteiras, parteiras e professoras de parto.Conclusão: o Regulamento é aplicado muito antes de suapublicação e a assistência à saúde é exercida constantemente por todos os profissionais que o compõem; onúmero de praticantes é igual ao de médicos nesse período; a Câmara Municipal é responsável pelopagamento dos medicamentos dos doentes pobres aos farmacêuticos e é distribuído por trimestres; Noque diz respeito aos médicos, e desde 1924, foram criadas vagas suficientes para a procura dos pobres,que irá aumentar, bem como eventuais substitutos; inclui-se a criação da clínica odontológica para pobresno Hospital Santo em 1930; em 1928 e 1929 há 4 matronas para os quatro bairros da cidade, seguindo alegislação; Em 1930, as parteiras municipais receberam um aumento salarial anual de 720 para 900pesetas da câmara municipal. (AU)

Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray (1712-1790) - Pioneer of simulation.

Madame du Coudray (1712-1790) was a French midwife who educated peers in rural areas. She was seen as a pioneer of simulation as she developed the first obstetric mannequin, known as 'the machine'. Complex cases could be simulated in a safe environment, which enabled midwives to improve their abilities in managing such deliveries.

BADGES/PINS OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCHOOLS IN SLOVENIA FROM 1925 UNTIL EARLY 1980s.

INTRODUCTION: Many nursing and midwifery schools in many countries around the world awarded or still award graduation badges or pins to their graduates. All graduates from different parts of the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later the Republic of Yugoslavia educated in Slovenian healthcare schools received badges from these schools. Some of the graduates later employed in medical institutions across former Yugoslavia wore these badges on their uniforms. The main purpose of this historical research was to establish which Slovenian health care schools awarded the graduation badges and what they looked like. It was also investigated why the badges ceased to be awarded and what motivated Angela Boskin Faculty of Health Care in Jesenice to reintroduce awarding the badges. METHODS: Due to a lack of written sources, we conducted 393 face to face and telephonic interviews with former badge recipients across Slovenia. Their existing badges were photographed. On the authors' initiative, a private collection of badges was started. RESULTS: It has been established that in the 20th century all Slovenian secondary health schools awarded badges. The Nursing College, Ljubljana also awarded graduation badges. Five different types of badges in many variants were issued. The first badges were awarded to graduates by Slovenian oldest Nursing School, Ljubljana in 1925. The badges ceased to be awarded in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Some questions about probable reasons for cessation of awarding badges remain unanswered. Less than a fifth of interviewees kept their badges. Graduating nursing badges were reintroduced in Slovenia in 2017 with a new badge which is presented and depicted in this article. The motivation for the reintroduction of graduating badges is also investigated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Unfortunately, many Slovenian nurses and midwives are not sufficiently aware of the meaning and importance of their badges. Although badges are important for professional image and identity of nurses, badges as a symbol of nursing have become almost completely forgotten. Graduation badges are miniature works of art and are proof of the existence and development of Slovenian healthcare schools. Nursing badges present a part of nursing history as well as being our cultural heritage. The badges deserve to be written and talked about and should be displayed in a planned future Slovenian Health Care Museum.

["Humanized childbirth and the right to choose:" analysis of a public hearing in Rio de Janeiro]. / "Parto humanizado e o direito da escolha": análise de uma audiência pública no Rio de Janeiro.

This work uses a field survey to analyze a plenary session of the Rio de Janeiro Legislative Assembly entitled "Humanized childbirth and the right to choose." Understanding this as a political space for conflicts of knowledge pertaining to the areas of medicine, nursing, and legislature, we consider the content of this session and discourses of power/knowledge surrounding the female body and reproduction. The article explores tensions around the political struggle for "humanized childbirth" via demands made by the Regional Council of Nursing. We also address the history of the medicalization of childbirth and the role of nurses, professionals specialized in low-risk births (obstetrizes), and midwives in this process.

O trabalho analisa, por meio de pesquisa de campo, uma plenária da Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro, "Parto humanizado e o direito da escolha". Entendendo esse como um espaço político de conflitos dos saberes da área médica, da enfermagem e do Legislativo, é ponderado o conteúdo da plenária com os discursos de saber/poder acerca do corpo feminino e de sua reprodução. O artigo explora as tensões em torno da luta política pelo "parto humanizado" a partir de demandas feitas pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem. É abordada também a história da medicalização do parto e o papel das enfermeiras, obstetrizes e parteiras nesse processo.

['A case of decapitation'; calamity investigation in 1822]. / 'Het geval van onthoofting'.

A case of childbirth with a fatal outcome described in the book 'The King's Court Physician: the Adventurous Life of Franz Joseph Harbaur, 1776-1822' (De lijfarts van de koning. Het avontuurlijkeleven van Franz Joseph Harbaur, 1776-1822) puts the work of the Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate into an historical context by pointing out the similarities between a calamity investigation held in 1822 and the situation today. Conflicts between medical disciplinary law and criminal law, boundary disputes between various professions (in this particular case midwives and gynaecologists) and questions of openness and transparency turn out to be nothing new. By doing case studies on how to deal with calamities, it is possible to gain insight into medical failures of the past and how they were managed. It is also possible to get a better picture of the expectations that medicine had to meet in the past, and how, and under what circumstances, these have changed. This information is of value in making choices in today's healthcare system.

"Parto humanizado e o direito da escolha": análise de uma audiência pública no Rio de Janeiro / "Humanized childbirth and the right to choose: " analysis of a public hearing in Rio de Janeiro

Resumo O trabalho analisa, por meio de pesquisa de campo, uma plenária da Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro, "Parto humanizado e o direito da escolha". Entendendo esse como um espaço político de conflitos dos saberes da área médica, da enfermagem e do Legislativo, é ponderado o conteúdo da plenária com os discursos de saber/poder acerca do corpo feminino e de sua reprodução. O artigo explora as tensões em torno da luta política pelo "parto humanizado" a partir de demandas feitas pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem. É abordada também a história da medicalização do parto e o papel das enfermeiras, obstetrizes e parteiras nesse processo.

Abstract This work uses a field survey to analyze a plenary session of the Rio de Janeiro Legislative Assembly entitled "Humanized childbirth and the right to choose." Understanding this as a political space for conflicts of knowledge pertaining to the areas of medicine, nursing, and legislature, we consider the content of this session and discourses of power/knowledge surrounding the female body and reproduction. The article explores tensions around the political struggle for "humanized childbirth" via demands made by the Regional Council of Nursing. We also address the history of the medicalization of childbirth and the role of nurses, professionals specialized in low-risk births (obstetrizes), and midwives in this process.